3. สม ฏฐานว ทยาของมะเร ง (Cancer Etiology)
|
|
- Roger Day
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ว ตถ ประสงค 3. สม ฏฐานว ทยาของมะเร ง (Cancer Etiology) สม ฏฐานว ทยา : การศ กษาเก ยวก บสาเหต ของการเก ดโรค สามารถอธ บายว ธ การศ กษา ว ธ การศ กษาสาเหต ของการเก ดมะเร งได สามารถอธ บายสาเหต สาเหต ของการเก ดมะเร งได Content 1. The approaches for identifying the causes of cancer 2. The main causes of human cancer
2 1. The approaches for identifying the causes of cancer :Epidemiological and Experimental approaches 1.1 The Epidemiological approach - Epidemiology = the branch of medical science that investigates the frequency and distribution of diseases in human populations - Epidemiologists study the patterns of disease distribution in human populations. - The goal of epidemiology is to establish causal factors for health issues in order to improve the health and safety of whole populations. - Incidence of cancers in different populations provides clues as to the causes of specific cancers. - The larger the sample, the more likely it is that the true value will be revealed (p value of 0.05 or less is required for a statistically significant difference). - Epidemiology : -Descriptive, -Analytical, and -Molecular Descriptive epidemiology - focuses on identifying and reporting both the pattern and frequency of health events in a population. -Data concerning person, place & time are necessary for describing the patterns of health and disease in human populations.
3 - Person characteristics include sociodemographic characteristics such as age, race/ethnicity, education,income, insurance status, occupation, parity, and marital status as well as behaviors such as substance abuse, diet, sexual activity or use of health care services. - Place characteristics include geographic location (e.g., urban versus rural), features of the geography (e.g., mountainous region, area with wells as the major water source), population density, as well geo-political boundaries (e.g., census tracts, cities, counties, or states), and location of worksites, schools, and health facilities. - Time characteristics include cyclical changes, long term secular trends, and even daily or hourly occurrences during an epidemic. -uses data from large populations of people ---> general conclusions -the data can be useful for more specific analyses -the data do not tell what exactly cause cancer -TheIncidence and Mortality rates can be calculated as: [Number of people either developing (incidence) or dying (mortality) from a specific cancer in a specific time period /total population at that time] - Population numbers are usually corrected per 100,000 people. - The ages of population are also corrected. - Descriptive studies are useful for defining biological hypotheses that can be tested by other means.
4 Examples: Descriptive epidemiological data Male cancer deaths (USA), age corrected The 5-year survival rates for selected cancer (USA) at different time periods. King RJB,Cancer Biology. 1996
5 1.1.2 Analytical epidemiology - focuses on the search for the determinants of health outcomes. - Analytical epidemiologists use data gathered by descriptive epidemiology experts to look for patterns suggesting causation. - compare two or more groups of people with different characteristics. - false conclusion may be due to: 1) selection bias inappropriate selection of people for comparison 2) recall bias inadequate measures of exposure - two approaches: (1) case-control comparison (2) cohort comparison Case-Control Comparison: - Compare the characteristics of cases; -- cancer patients with specific characteristics -- healthy individuals with specific characteristics -- controls who do not have cancer or the characteristic in question - compare the frequency with which an exposure occurred in the cases versus the controls ---- > to identify risk factors of specific cancer
6 - Advantage; Providing quick answers - Major concerns; what are the appropriate controls and fidelity of recall of past events Case-Control analysis of cervical cancer in Colombia King RJB,Cancer Biology. 1996
7 Cohort Comparison - Start with a well-defined, healthy population (a cohort), and compare those who get cancer in the ensuing years with those who do not. - Provide more reliable data but at the cost of increased complexity and expense Prospective cohort analysis of relative risks of developing leukemia in people of the stated ages at the time of exposure to atomic radiation in Hiroshima/Nagasaki. King RJB,Cancer Biology. 1996
8 1.1.3 Molecular epidemiology - combines epidemiological methods with molecular analysis to help determine carcinogenic events - mutation types of specific genes may point to causative agents Types of p53 mutations in Liver cancers in four regions of East Asia Hepatitis B virus infection = risk factor Qidong province in China ---> aflatoxin King RJB,Cancer Biology. 1996
9 1.2 The Experimental approach Randomized trial (assigning people to receive varying doses of a suspected agent) Cannot perform active experiment in human ---> unethical Animal testing is an alternative way. Animal testing and epidemiology are complementary approaches. Epidemiological data Animal testing data Animal testing Epidemiological approach Animal testing is useful for the preliminary identification of possible human carcinogens Carcinogens = cancer-causing agents By law, any new chemical introduced for human consumption in the US must be first tested in animals (rats or mice) to check for possible carcinogenic effects.
10 In general, a high level of agreement has been detected between the ability of substances to cause cancer in humans and in animals. Some examples of proven human carcinogens that also cause cancer in animals. Nonetheless, there is no guarantee that a substance found to cause cancer in animals will always do so in humans. Kleinsmith LJ. Principles of cancer biology
11 The Ames test permits rapid screening for chemical carcinogens that are mutagens. Cancer-causing agents often act as mutagens. Ames Test by Bruce Ames, 1950s MMS=Methylmethanesulfonate MOCA=4-4 -methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) Kleinsmith LJ. Principles of cancer biology A strong correlation between a chemical s ability to cause mutations and its ability to cause cancer.
12 2. The main causes of human cancer 2.1 Cancer rates increase dramatically with age The risk factor with the greatest influence in determining whether a person will develop cancer is age. Relationship between age and cancer risk. The risk of developing cancer after age of 60 is much greater than for people under age 40. Kleinsmith LJ. Principles of cancer biology
13 2.2 Environmental and lifestyle factors play a prominent role in triggering the development of cancer The particular kinds of cancer arise with differing frequencies in different part of the world. The likelihood of developing a particular kind of cancer for a person of a given age, say 50 years old, is significantly affected by the country in which that person lives. The causes of cancer are to be found in factors that differ between country rather than in the process of aging. - Environmental factors ---> % - Genetic makeup (Hereditary factors) ---> % Environmental factors -Physical Environment - Social and cultural Environment
14 Geographical differences in the prevalence of different kinds of cancer. Kleinsmith LJ. Principles of cancer biology
15 Comparison of stomach and colon cancer rates in Japan, in the US, and in Japanese immigrants to the US. The environmental factors are more important than heredity in causing cancer. Kleinsmith LJ. Principles of cancer biology
16 2.3 Tobacco smoke is responsible for approximately one-third of all cancer deaths Lung cancer rates in the US began to increase about 25 years after the increase in smoking rates. Many studies have made it abundantly clear that smoking is the underlying cause of most lung cancers. Relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer in the US. Death rates for breast cancer and lung cancer in woman Kleinsmith LJ. Principles of cancer biology
17 A dose-response relationship exists between exposure to tobacco smoke and the risk of developing cancer Kleinsmith LJ. Principles of cancer biology Lung cancer rates are directly proportional to the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Long-term smokers develop lung cancer more frequently than do shortterm smokers. Smokers who inhale deeply develop lung cancer more frequently than smokers who do not inhale deeply.
18 Tobacco smoke contains more than 4000 different chemicals, more than 40 of which are carcinogenic when administered to animals. Kleinsmith LJ. Principles of cancer biology
19 2.4 Alcohol acts synergistically with tobacco to increase cancer risk Cancer of the mouth and throat (Oropharyngeal cancer) increases significantly in people who drink, smoke, or both. Kleinsmith LJ. Principles of cancer biology Alcohol and tobacco are a deadly combination because tobacco smoke contains potent carcinogens that create DNA mutations and alcohol then stimulates the proliferation of the genetically damaged cells.
20 2.5 Food contains carcinogens as well as anticarcinogens Food is a complex mixture of thousands of different chemicals. Examples of some natural chemicals in fruits and vegetables that are carcinogenic when tested in animals Kleinsmith LJ. Principles of cancer biology Examples of some possible anticarcinogens: Lycopene (tomatoes), epigallocatechin gallate (green tea), resveratrol (skin of red grapes), sulfides (garlic)
21 Red meat, saturated fat, excess calories and obesity may all contribute to cancer risk High-fat diets are known to cause the liver to secrete large amounts of bile acids into the intestines. Lithocholic acid can produce DNA damage and has been found to induce colon cancer when injected into animals. Colon cancer rates are seen to increase in direct relation to the amount of meat consumed in each country.
22 Diet appears to be an important factor in determining cancer risk but is difficult to study Human diet consists of a complex mixture of foods that are difficult to study in a systematic way. 2.6 Several types of Radiation cause cancer Radiation = Energy traveling through space Natural sources: UV radiation from the sun -----> skin cancer Cosmic rays from outer space Emissions from naturally occurring radioactive elements Artificial sources: X-rays Radioactivity UV radiation and Ionizing radiation are two main classes clearly identified as causes of cancer. Ionizing radiation : X-rays Nuclear radiation (emitted by radioactive elements)
23 2.7 Viruses and other infectious agents can cause cancer Peyton Rous (1911) discovered Rous Sarcoma Virus : the first demonstration of existence of an oncogenic virus. (Nobel Prizes in Medicine, 1966) Oncogenic viruses: Epstein-Barr virus ---Burkitt s lymphoma Human papillomaviruses ---Cervical cancer Hepatitis B & Hepatitis C viruses ---Liver cancer > cause ~10 % of all cancers worldwide Summary: The main causes of cancer involve chemicals, radiation, infectious agents, and heredity.
CANCER = Malignant Tumor = Malignant Neoplasm
CANCER = Malignant Tumor = Malignant Neoplasm A tissue growth: Not necessary for body s development or repair Invading healthy tissues Spreading to other sites of the body (metastasizing) Lethal because
More informationCell Death and Cancer. SNC 2D Ms. Papaiconomou
Cell Death and Cancer SNC 2D Ms. Papaiconomou How do cells die? Necrosis Death due to unexpected and accidental cell damage. This is an unregulated cell death. Causes: toxins, radiation, trauma, lack of
More informationCancer Key facts The problem Cancer causes
Cancer Key facts Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for 7.6 million deaths (around 13% of all deaths) in 2008 (1). Lung, stomach, liver, colon and breast cancer cause the most cancer
More informationENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN VIRUS-ASSOCIATED HUMAN CANCERS
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN VIRUS-ASSOCIATED HUMAN CANCERS Joint Graduate Seminar Depar tment of Microbiology The Chinese University of Hong Kong PhD Candidate: Zhang Chuqing Super visor: Professor Paul Chan
More informationFacts on Preventing Cancer
American Institute for Cancer Research Facts on Preventing Cancer A Common Fear If you are like many Americans, you are worried about cancer. In a recent survey conducted by the American Institute for
More informationThe number of new cases is expected to rise by about 70% over the next 2 decades.
World Health Organization Cancer Fact sheet February 2017 Key facts Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with approximately 14 million new cases in 2012 1. The number
More information*It can appear almost anywhere in the body. *The tumor can invade adjoining parts of the body and metastasize to other organs.
CANCER Cancer is an uncontrollable process of growth and cell dissemination. It can appear almost anywhere in the body. The tumor can invade adjoining parts of the body and metastasize to other organs.
More informationA Simulation of DNA Mutations and Cancer
Lab 13 A Simulation of DNA Mutations and Cancer PROBLEM How can the changes in DNA that lead to cancer be modeled? BACKGROUND Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells that produces tumors. Cancer is
More informationThe table below presents the summary of observed geographic variation for incidence and survival by type of cancer and gender.
Results and Maps Overview When disparities in cancer incidence and survival are evident, there are a number of potential explanations, including but not restricted to differences in environmental risk
More informationSNC2D BIOLOGY 3/24/2013. TISSUES, ORGANS & SYSTEMS OF L Cancer Cell Division Gone Wrong (P.32-34) Cancer Cell Division Gone Wrong
SNC2D BIOLOGY TISSUES, ORGANS & SYSTEMS OF L Cancer Cell Division Gone Wrong (P.32-34) Cancer Cell Division Gone Wrong A cell s DNA controls everything that happens in that cell, including cell division.
More informationBrief Update on Cancer Occurrence in East Metro Communities
Brief Update on Cancer Occurrence in East Metro Communities FEBRUARY, 2018 Brief Update on Cancer Occurrence in East Metro Communities Minnesota Department of Health Minnesota Cancer Reporting System PO
More informationLecture 2. [Pathophysiology]
II. Rate of Growth Most benign tumors grow slowly, and most cancers (malignant tumors) grow much faster. However, there are some exceptions to this generalization e.g., the rate of growth of leiomyomas
More information/Webpages/zhang/chinese-full full- program.htm
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/faculty/zhang /Webpages/zhang/chinese-full full- program.htm Cancer Incidence and Mortality and Risk Factors in the World Zuo-Feng Zhang, M.D., Ph.D. Fogarty International Training
More informationAllinaHealthSystems 1
Overview Biology and Introduction to the Genetics of Cancer Denise Jones, MS, CGC Certified Genetic Counselor Virginia Piper Cancer Service Line I. Our understanding of cancer the historical perspective
More informationThe future of cancer prevention: setting realistic goals and timeframe
The future of cancer prevention: setting realistic goals and timeframe Dr Christopher P Wild PhD International Agency for Research on Cancer Lyon, France We cannot treat our way out of the cancer problem
More informationCancer and Gene Alterations - 1
Cancer and Gene Alterations - 1 Cancer and Gene Alteration As we know, cancer is a disease of unregulated cell growth. Although we looked at some of the features of cancer when we discussed mitosis checkpoints,
More informationCancer arises from the mutation of a normal gene. A factor which brings about a mutation is called a mutagen.
Cancer Single cells divide by mitosis to form many cells. This cells undergo physical and chemical changes in order to perform specific functions. (we say the cells have Differentiated) in this way we
More informationLecture 29 Epidemiology of Cancer
Babylon University College Of Medicine Department of Community Medicine Lectures in Community Medicine For 4 th Stage Students By Dr. Hassan Baiee 2010 2011 Lecture 29 Epidemiology of Cancer Tumors are
More informationFigure 1. Comparison of Cancer Incidence Rates 1 of Individual Census Tracts with Louisiana, All Cancers Combined,
Figure. Comparison of Cancer Incidence Rates of Individual Census Tracts with Louisiana, All Cancers Combined, 006-04 The rate is statistically significantly lower than Louisiana The rate is not statistically
More informationguide to living with cancer Brought to you by Alliance Health.
guide to living with cancer Brought to you by Alliance Health. The content in this guide is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice
More informationNon-communicable diseases
Non-communicable diseases Hodder & Stoughton 2015 learning outcomes Define health and describe factors that can affect improve it Define a non-communicable disease (NCD) and give examples Describe the
More informationCancer. Chapter 31 Lesson 2
Cancer Chapter 31 Lesson 2 Tumors All cancers are tumors- masses of tissue. Not all tumors are cancers. Some tumors are benign- noncancerous. These tumors are surrounded by membranes that prevent them
More informationWellness Along the Cancer Journey: Health Habits and Cancer Screening Revised October 20, 2015
Wellness Along the Cancer Journey: Health Habits and Cancer Screening Revised October 20, 2015 Healthy Habits and Cancer Screening Rev. 10.20.15 Page 164 WELLNESS ALONG THE CANCER JOURNEY: HEALTHY HABITS
More informationUPDATE OF THE EUROPEAN CODE AGAINST CANCER
UPDATE OF THE EUROPEAN CODE AGAINST CANCER Dr Carolina Espina Open Forum European Partnership Action Against Cancer Ljubljana, Slovenia. November 26-27 RATIONALE RATIONALE Leading cause of death worldwide
More informationViruses and cancer: Should we be more afraid?
Viruses and cancer: Should we be more afraid? Viruses and cancer: Should we be more afraid? During the past 30 years it has become exceedingly clear that several viruses play significant roles in the development
More informationCancer 101 Spring Family Cancer Retreat 4/18/15. Amish Shah, M.D. New Mexico Cancer Center
Cancer 101 Spring Family Cancer Retreat 4/18/15 Amish Shah, M.D. New Mexico Cancer Center Topics to cover What is Cancer? Screening Diagnosis/Staging Treatment Basics Clinical Trials Surveillance What
More informationCancer Risk Factors in Ontario. Other Radiation
Cancer Risk Factors in Ontario Other Radiation OTHer radiation risk factor/ exposure Radon-222 and decay products X-radiation, gamma radiation Cancer The context where high risks were reported Magnitude
More informationCANCER Hafsa Raheel, MD, FCPS (Com med), MCPS (Fam med)
CANCER Hafsa Raheel, MD, FCPS (Com med), MCPS (Fam med) Acknowledgement Dr. Haytham AlSaif OBJECTIVES 1. Appreciate the Global impact of cancer. 2. Identify the most prevalent cancers worldwide, in the
More informationHealth Promotion, Screening, & Early Detection
OCN Test Content Outline 2018 Health Promotion, Screening, & Early Detection Kelley Blake MSN, RN, AOCNS, OCN UW Medicine/Valley Medical Center I. Care Continuum 19% A. Health promotion & disease prevention
More informationChapter 6.1. pages Prayer Next Prayer Attendance Homework
Chapter 6.1 pages 108-110 Prayer Next Prayer Attendance Homework Terms Cancer A disease that begins when a single cell makes copies of itself when it should not. Cell division A process where a parent
More informationCancer statistics (US)
Disclosure I have no financial relationships to disclose Biology and Introduction to the Genetics of Cancer Vickie Matthias Hagen, MS, CGC Certified Genetic Counselor Virginia Piper Cancer Service Line
More informationEnvironmental Management & Pollution Environmental and Chemical Carcinogenesis
Environmental Management & Pollution Environmental and Chemical Carcinogenesis 8.1 Abstract People are continuously exposed exogenously to varying amounts of chemicals that have been shown to have carcinogenic
More informationRecent Results from the IARC Monographs: Carcinogenicity of Consuming Red & Processed Meat, Coffee and Very Hot Beverages
Recent Results from the IARC Monographs: Carcinogenicity of Consuming Red & Processed Meat, Coffee and Very Hot Beverages Dana Loomis, PhD & Kurt Straif MD, PhD Conflict of Interest Statement I declare
More informationChapter 11 Risk, Toxicology, and Human Health
Chapter 11 Risk, Toxicology, and Human Health Risk Expressed in terms of probability: how likely it is that some event will occur. Risk = (Exposure)(harm) Risk assessment (identifying, occurrence, assessing)
More informationCANCER INCIDENCE NEAR THE BROOKHAVEN LANDFILL
CANCER INCIDENCE NEAR THE BROOKHAVEN LANDFILL CENSUS TRACTS 1591.03, 1591.06, 1592.03, 1592.04 AND 1593.00 TOWN OF BROOKHAVEN, SUFFOLK COUNTY, NEW YORK, 1983-1992 WITH UPDATED INFORMATION ON CANCER INCIDENCE
More informationNutrition and Cancer. Prof. Suhad Bahijri
Nutrition and Cancer Objectives 1. Discuss current knowledge regarding nutritional prevention of cancer 2. Discuss goals for the cancer patient 3. Explain how cancer treatment affects nutritional needs
More informationBasic Epidemiology: Study Types. Learning Objectives. The Five Ws of Epidemiology. At the end of this presentation, participants will be able to:
Basic Epidemiology: Study Types John Kobayashi, MD, MPH August 12, 2009 Learning Objectives At the end of this presentation, participants will be able to: Define some key concepts in epidemiology Describe
More informationEpidemiology, Prevention & Early Detection (Cancer Control) The Cancer Control Continuum. Epidemiology
Epidemiology, Prevention & Early Detection (Cancer Control) The Cancer Control Continuum Nancy Thompson, MSN, RN, AOCNS Swedish Cancer Institute Prevention Detection Diagnosis Survivorship Treatment Epidemiology
More informationCancer Association of South Africa (CANSA) Fact Sheet on the Top Ten Cancers per Population Group
Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA) Fact Sheet on the Top Ten Cancers per Population Group Introduction There are more than 200 different types of cancer. It is also referred to as malignancies,
More informationCancer in Halton. Halton Region Cancer Incidence and Mortality Report
Cancer in Halton Halton Region Cancer Incidence and Mortality Report 2008 2012 The Regional Municipality of Halton March 2017 Reference: Halton Region Health Department, Cancer in Halton: Halton Region
More informationCANCER: IT IS NOT CANCEL. Dr. Jigar G. Patel M.D.,D.M. Medical oncologist and haematologist
CANCER: IT IS NOT CANCEL Dr. Jigar G. Patel M.D.,D.M. Medical oncologist and haematologist What cancer means? What cancer actually do? Why to talk about cancer? With a million (10 lakh) new cases being
More informationCancer Association of South Africa (CANSA) Fact Sheet on the Top Ten Cancers per Population Group
Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA) Fact Sheet on the Top Ten Cancers per Population Group Introduction There are more than 200 different types of cancer. It is also referred to as malignancies,
More informationGreen Tea and Cancer. Alison Chiang EPI295 October 30,2009
Green Tea and Cancer Alison Chiang EPI295 October 30,2009 Overview Pathways to cancer Green tea Chemical composition Potential mechanisms General study findings Study 1 Study 2 How does cancer develop?
More informationCancer Association of South Africa (CANSA) Fact Sheet on the Top Ten Cancers per Population Group
Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA) Fact Sheet on the Top Ten Cancers per Population Group Introduction There are more than 200 different types of cancer. It is also referred to as malignancies,
More informationThe international health care burden of cancers of the gastrointestinal tract and liver
The international health care burden of cancers of the gastrointestinal tract and liver William R. Brown 1*, Dennis J. Ahnen 2 1 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver,
More informationCancer Causes Preventions Treatments Presentation By Dr. Bhavani Nair. MBBS;DGO;FRCP(C) Retired Radiation Oncologist University of Ottawa
Cancer Causes Preventions Treatments Presentation By Dr. Bhavani Nair. MBBS;DGO;FRCP(C) Retired Radiation Oncologist University of Ottawa In Ontario, someone is diagnosed with cancer every eight minutes
More informationThe incidence of pancreatic cancer is rising in India and is higher in the urban male population in the western and northern parts of India.
Published on: 9 Jun 2015 Pancreatic Cancer What Is Cancer? The body is made up of cells, which grow and die in a controlled way. Sometimes, cells keep on growing without control, causing an abnormal growth
More informationDIET, MEAT, AND CANCER
Section 1 While there is scientific consensus that diet plays a significant role in cancer, the evidence regarding specific roles for food groups, individual foods, or food components remains unresolved.
More informationCancer Epidemiology, Manifestations, and Treatment
Cancer Epidemiology, Manifestations, and Treatment Chapter 10 Environmental Risk Factors Tobacco Ø Multipotent carcinogenic mixture Ø Linked to cancers of the lung, lower urinary tract, digestive tract,
More informationAsexual Reproduction & Cancer
Asexual Reproduction & Cancer Asexual Reproduction Only one individual needed No new genetic material added = organism clones itself Reproduction is fast and produces many individuals Gene pool is shallow
More information2018 Texas Cancer Registry Annual Report
2018 Texas Cancer Registry Annual Report As Required by Texas Health and Safety Code Section 82.007 November 2018 Table of Contents Executive Summary... 1 1. Introduction... 2 2. Background... 3 Cancer
More informationEpidemiology, Prevention and Early Detection
Epidemiology, Prevention and Early Detection Nancy Thompson, MSN, RN, AOCNS Swedish Cancer Institute Outline Epidemiology terminology Cancer statistics Prevention guidelines Screening guidelines Epidemiology
More informationBIT 120. Copy of Cancer/HIV Lecture
BIT 120 Copy of Cancer/HIV Lecture Cancer DEFINITION Any abnormal growth of cells that has malignant potential i.e.. Leukemia Uncontrolled mitosis in WBC Genetic disease caused by an accumulation of mutations
More informationChapter 17 Human Health and Environmental Risks. Monday, March 26, 18
Chapter 17 Human Health and Environmental Risks Human Health and Environmental Risks There are 3 major categories of risk for human health? 1. Physical (natural disasters, UV exposure) 2. *Biological (all
More informationReading for Evidence: Cancer Understandings
Cancer Education Project Reading for Evidence: Cancer Understandings Overview: This activity provides background information about the statements in the Truth/Myth Survey, and asks students to select evidence
More informationDOWNLOAD OR READ : WHAT CAUSES CANCER COULD IT BE AS SIMPLE AS WHAT YOU DRINK PDF EBOOK EPUB MOBI
DOWNLOAD OR READ : WHAT CAUSES CANCER COULD IT BE AS SIMPLE AS WHAT YOU DRINK PDF EBOOK EPUB MOBI Page 1 Page 2 what causes cancer could it be as simple as what you drink what causes cancer could pdf what
More informationSIGNATURE INJURY AND CAUSATION. A Westlaw search reveals the following definitions for the concept signature disease :
SIGNATURE INJURY AND CAUSATION A Westlaw search reveals the following definitions for the concept signature disease : A so-called signature disease is one which is caused only by the product at issue.
More informationRisk Factors for NCDs
Risk Factors for NCDs Objectives: Define selected risk factors such as; tobacco use, diet, nutrition, physical activity, obesity, and overweight Present the epidemiology and significance of the risk factors
More informationAcute: Symptoms that start and worsen quickly but do not last over a long period of time.
Cancer Glossary Acute: Symptoms that start and worsen quickly but do not last over a long period of time. Adjuvant therapy: Treatment given after the main treatment. It usually refers to chemotherapy,
More informationEpidemiology, Prevention and Early Detection
Epidemiology, Prevention and Early Detection Nancy Thompson, MSN, RN, AOCNS Swedish Cancer Institute Outline Epidemiology terminology Cancer statistics Prevention guidelines Screening guidelines Epidemiology
More informationRisk Factors for Breast Cancer
Lifestyle Factors The variations seen both regionally and internationally in breast cancer incidence have heightened interest in the medical community in the role of lifestyle-related influences. In general,
More informationAmerican Indian Cancer Burden. Kris Rhodes, MPH Bad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
American Indian Cancer Burden Kris Rhodes, MPH Bad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa The AICAF Story American Indian Cancer Foundation (AICAF) is a national
More informationHealth Issues Specific to Alaska Natives. Jennifer Johnson, MPH, RD, LD, and Diana Redwood, MS, MPH
Health Issues Specific to Alaska Natives Jennifer Johnson, MPH, RD, LD, and Diana Redwood, MS, MPH History In 1950, life expectancy for Alaska Natives was 46 years. In 1994-1998, it was 69 years. In 1950,
More informationEpidemiology of Cancer 8/31/17
Epidemiology of Cancer 8/31/17 Theresa Hahn, Ph.D. Department of Medicine Roswell Park Cancer Institute With thanks to Dr Kirsten Moysich for some slides Epidemiology the branch of medicine that deals
More informationNutrition and Cancer Prevention. Elisa V. Bandera, MD, PhD
Nutrition and Cancer Prevention Elisa V. Bandera, MD, PhD The Causes of Cancer in the US. Sedentary lifestyle 5% Other 12% Family history 5 % Occupation 5% Tobacco 30% Reproductive factors 3% Pollution
More informationEpidemiology, Prevention & Early Detection
Epidemiology, Prevention & Early Detection Nancy Thompson, MSN, RN, AOCNS Swedish Cancer Institute Epidemiology terminology Cancer statistics Prevention guidelines Screening guidelines Outline Epidemiology
More informationOutline. Introduction to Epidemiology. Epidemiology. Epidemiology. History of epidemiology
Outline Introduction to Epidemiology Joshua Vest Epidemiologist Austin/Travis County Health & Human Services Department Define History Basis of epidemiology Objectives of epidemiology Causal inference
More informationWhat causes cancer? Physical factors (radiation, ionization) Chemical factors (carcinogens) Biological factors (virus, bacteria, parasite)
Oncogenes What causes cancer? Chemical factors (carcinogens) Physical factors (radiation, ionization) Biological factors (virus, bacteria, parasite) DNA Mutation or damage Oncogenes Tumor suppressor genes
More informationHead and Neck Cancer: Epidemiology
Head and Neck Cancer: Epidemiology Professor Kevin Harrington Joint Head of Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging The Institute of Cancer Research/The Royal Marsden NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Radiotherapy
More informationADVANCED SUBSIDIARY (AS) General Certificate of Education January Home Economics Assessment Unit AS 2. assessing. Priority Health Issues
ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY (AS) General Certificate of Education January 2013 Home Economics Assessment Unit AS 2 assessing Priority Health Issues [AN121] TUESDAY 22 JANUARY, MORNING MARK SCHEME 7896.01 1 (a)
More informationEpidemiology of Cancer
Epidemiology of Cancer Theresa Hahn, Ph.D. Department of Medicine Roswell Park Cancer Institute With thanks to Dr Kirsten Moysich for some slides Epidemiology the branch of medicine that deals with the
More informationDR. RAMESH U2 L4 MITOSIS AND CANCER
DR. RAMESH U2 L4 MITOSIS AND CANCER Objective! The student will (TSW) identify the relationship between cancer and mitosis. Benchmark/Standard LS-H-B2: Compare mitosis and meiosis Why are we learning this?!
More informationCancer in Huron County
Cancer in Huron County 2-29 Prepared by: Erica Clark, Epidemiologist April 214 77722B London Road RR 5, Clinton, ON NM 1L 519.482.3416 F: 519.482.782 www.huronhealthunit.com Cancer Health Status Report
More informationThe Future of Cancer. Lawrence Tsui Global Risk Products Actuary Swiss Reinsurance Company Hong Kong. Session Number: WBR8
Lawrence Tsui Global Risk Products Actuary Swiss Reinsurance Company Hong Kong Session Number: WBR8 Agenda Cancer the basics Cancer past and present Cancer the future CANCER THE BASICS Cancer the basics
More informationCancer Fundamentals. Julie Randolph-Habecker, Ph.D. Director, Experimental Histopathology Shared Resource
Cancer Fundamentals Julie Randolph-Habecker, Ph.D. Director, Experimental Histopathology Shared Resource Cancer Overview Leading cause of death in US 1.2 million diagnosed each year More common after age
More informationOvarian Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention
Ovarian Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention Risk Factors A risk factor is anything that affects your chance of getting a disease such as cancer. Learn more about the risk factors for ovarian cancer.
More informationCancer and nutrition. ...another difficulty lies in the application of laboratory/animal model studies to human cancer prevention
1 Cancer and nutrition Part 1: Dietary factors in possible cancer prevention a major cause of death in Canada & other developing countries after CVD Part 2: Dietary changes to moderate the effects of therapy
More informationHealth Promoting Practices - Patient follow up survey (Dental)
Health Promoting Practices - Patient follow up survey (Dental) * 1. I recall completing the Health Promoting Practices Health Self-Assessment questionnaire at my dental practice Yes No * 2. Eating at least
More informationLiver Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention
Liver Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention Risk Factors A risk factor is anything that affects your chance of getting a disease such as cancer. Learn more about the risk factors for liver cancer.
More informationCancer Reference Information
1 of 6 10/9/2007 12:55 PM Cancer Reference Information print close Detailed Guide: Breast Cancer What Are the Risk Factors for Breast Cancer? A risk factor is anything that affects your chance of getting
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor مها شوماف
number 15 Done by Ali Yaghi Corrected by Waseem Alhaj Doctor مها شوماف 1 P a g e Epidemiology Epidemiology is the study of the incidence of a disease. It can give us information about the possible causes
More informationUniversity of Guam/ University of Hawaii Cancer Center Partnership
University of Guam/ University of Hawaii Cancer Center Partnership U54 CA143727 U54 CA143728 Pacific Global Health Conference October 9, 2012 Hali Robinett, MPH, Program Manager, UH Cancer Center Helen
More informationCANCER Uncontrolled Cell Division
CANCER Uncontrolled Cell Division What is cancer? Why does it occur? Where does it occur? Benign vs. Malignant? Types of Cancer (3 main groups) There are over 200 different types of cancer 1) Carcinomas
More informationHIGH LEVELS OF PREVENTABLE CHRONIC DIEASE, INJURY AND MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS
HIGH LEVELS OF PREVENTABLE CHRONIC DIEASE, INJURY AND MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS Let s look at CANCER AS A WHOLE. What is the nature of the problem? Well, cancer is the growth of cells within the body. We
More informationProstate cancer was the most commonly diagnosed type of cancer among Peel and Ontario male seniors in 2002.
Cancer HIGHLIGHTS Prostate, colorectal, and lung cancers accounted for almost half of all newly diagnosed cancers among Peel seniors in 22. The incidence rates of lung cancer in Ontario and Peel have decreased
More informationPart 1: Epidemiological terminology. Part 2: Epidemiological concepts. Participant s Names:
Part 1: Epidemiological terminology Participant s Names: _ a. Define the following terms: (award 2 points for each word that is defined correctly) 1. Fomite: a physical object that serves to transmit an
More informationPublic Health Strategies to Prevent Disease. HW: page 111 #1, 8-10, 14, 16
Public Health Strategies to Prevent Disease HW: page 111 #1, 8-10, 14, 16 The Origin of Vaccines Smallpox is a highly contagious viral disease that results in a rash of blisters. This disease has now been
More informationBPK 110 Human Nutrition: Current Concepts
BPK 110 Human Nutrition: Current Concepts Lecture 11a 1. Nutrition & Hypertension 2. Nutrition & Cancer Learning Objectives To understand and explain what is hypertension plus its dietary and non-dietary
More informationChemical Carcinogenesis November
Chemical Carcinogenesis November 17 2016 Cancer Incidence and Death rates by Geography Epidemiological studies of cancer incidence indicate: 1. The incidence rates for specific organ tumors varies among
More informationCore Concepts in Radiation Exposure 4/10/2015. Ionizing Radiation, Cancer, and. James Seward, MD MPP
Ionizing Radiation, Cancer, and Causation James P. Seward, MD MPP FACOEM Clinical Professor of Medicine, UCSF American Occupational Health Conf May 4, 2015 Ionizing Radiation, Cancer, and Causation James
More informationA Glance at Cancer in Waterloo Region
Building Healthy and Supportive Communities A Glance at Cancer in Waterloo Region This is one of a series of Public Health Perspectives reports developed by Region of Waterloo Public Health. It focuses
More information*
Introduction Cancer is complex, can have many possible causes, and is increasingly common. For the U.S. population, 1 in 2 males and 1 in 3 females is at risk of developing cancer in their lifetime. The
More information1/3/2008. Karen Burke Priscilla LeMone Elaine Mohn-Brown. Medical-Surgical Nursing Care, 2e Karen Burke, Priscilla LeMone, and Elaine Mohn-Brown
Medical-Surgical Nursing Care Second Edition Karen Burke Priscilla LeMone Elaine Mohn-Brown Chapter 12 Caring for Clients with Cancer Cancer Disease that results when normal cells mutate into abnormal,
More information- A cancer is an uncontrolled, independent proliferation of robust, healthy cells.
1 Cancer A. What is it? - A cancer is an uncontrolled, independent proliferation of robust, healthy cells. * In some the rate is fast; in others, slow; but in all cancers the cells never stop dividing.
More informationCancer Awareness Talk ICPAK 2014
Cancer Awareness Talk ICPAK 2014 F. Chite Asirwa, MB ChB. MD. MSc. Internist. Medical Oncologist & Hematologist Asst. Professor of Medicine Division of Hematology/Oncology Indiana University Email: fasirwa@iu.edu
More informationCANCER IS MAINLY A LIFESTYLE DISEASE
Kingston, Jamaica May 27, 2012 CANCER IS MAINLY A LIFESTYLE DISEASE HEALTHY CARIBBEAN 2012 Dr. Fitzroy J. Henry CARIBBEAN FOOD AND NUTRITION INSTITUTE (PAHO/WHO) RALLYING FOR ACTION ON NCD OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
More informationCancer in Women. Lung cancer. Breast cancer
Cancer in Women You can get cancer at any age, but it is more likely as you get older. The types of cancer people get and the risk of dying from cancer are not the same for all ethnic groups. Here are
More informationBreast Cancer in Women from Different Racial/Ethnic Groups
Cornell University Program on Breast Cancer and Environmental Risk Factors in New York State (BCERF) April 2003 Breast Cancer in Women from Different Racial/Ethnic Groups Women of different racial/ethnic
More informationCategories of Cancer. Categorized based on cellular typology
Cancer Chapter 11 Defining Cancer Cancer represents a number of diseases Definition: A collection of cells that reproduce in an uncontrolled way to produce a mass of cells Causes: Chemical Agents; Biological
More information5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation 5.1 Exposure data
5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation 5.1 Exposure data Smoking of tobacco is practised worldwide by over one thousand million people. However, while smoking prevalence has declined in many developed
More information